Le thé noir
Ce thé a subi une fermentation enzymatique complète. La méthode de fabrication traditionnelle de ces thés comporte cinq phases successives :
- le flétrissage : il permet la déshydratation de la feuille pour permettre son assouplissement
- le roulage : il se fait dans le sens de la longueur de la feuille pour casser les cellules qui vont libérer les enzymes indispensables à la fermentation
- la fermentation : elle est réalisée dans une atmosphère chaude et humide, permettant ainsi l’oxydation de la feuille lui donnant ainsi sa couleur et son arôme
- la torréfaction : elle permet l’arrêt de la fermentation
- le triage : il permet de classer les feuilles de thé.
Les thés noirs sont d’une richesse et d’une variété exceptionnelle.
Le thé vert
Ce thé n’est pas fermenté. Sa fabrication ne comporte que trois étapes :
- la torréfaction : elle inactive les enzymes responsables de la fermentation.
- le roulage : il se fait à la main et permet de donner aux feuilles différentes formes (bâtonnet, boule, torsade,…)
- la dessiccation : elle permet de sécher les feuilles.
Très désaltérant, le thé vert se consomme toute la journée. C’est un thé frais, vif, pauvre en théine et riche en vitamine. Il possède des vertus drainantes reconnues, idéales pour accompagner un régime.
Le thé blanc
Ce thé, composé de bourgeons et des premières feuilles de la jeune plante de thé, est resté à l’état naturel, sa fabrication ne comporte que deux étapes : le flétrissage (assouplissement de la feuille) et la dessiccation (séchage de la feuille). Les thés blancs sont une spécialité chinoise de la région du Fujian. Il est composé de bourgeons et des premières feuilles de la jeune branche de thé.
Ce thé très rare est d’une grande finesse.
Le thé bleu
Ce thé est semi-fermenté, sa fermentation étant interrompue en cours de processus. Sa fabrication comporte quatre étapes :
- le flétrissage : les feuilles sont laissées au soleil puis refroidies à l’ombre, déclenchant ainsi le début de la fermentation.
- la sudation : les feuilles sont brassées constamment sous une pression de plus en plus forte et dans une atmosphère chaude et humide. Cela va permettre aux arômes de s'exprimer et faciliter l'évaporation de l'eau. La sudation est stoppée lorsque la fermentation a atteint le niveau désiré.
- la torréfaction : pour stopper la fermentation.
- le roulage : pour lui donner sa forme.
Les Oolongs se caractérisent par un parfum de châtaigne grillée plus ou moins prononcé. Ce sont des thés très ronds en bouche et parfaitement associés à un idéal de bien-être. Pauvres en théine, on peut les consommer en soirée sans trouble du sommeil.
Le thé jaune
Les thés jaunes sont parfois appelés thé sombre ou Pu Er. Ils sont obtenus à partir de feuilles de thé très âgées après trois étapes de fabrication :
- la torréfaction : Le but de cette étape est d’inactiver la plupart des enzymes. Pour cela les feuilles sont placées dans des bassines en fer chauffées à 300°C et recouvertes de paille pour une cuisson à l’étuvée. Pendant cette opération, la teneur en théine des feuilles baisse.
- le roulage : pour lui donner sa forme
- la sudation : Les feuilles disposées en tas sont recouvertes d’une toile humide permettant une fermentation par oxydation.
L'épaisseur du tas et la durée de la sudation ont des conséquences importantes sur le thé obtenu, dont le parfum sera plus ou moins puissant. Les thés jaunes sont des thés que l'on trouve souvent compressés, en brique ou en nid d'oiseau. Ce sont également les seuls thés qui se bonifient avec le temps.
Le thé fumé
C’est un thé noir. Il est obtenu après six étapes successives :
- le flétrissage : pour déshydrater la feuille de thé
- le roulage
- la torréfaction : les feuilles sont grillées légèrement sur une plaque de fer chaude
- le fumage : les feuilles sont placées dans des paniers de bambou au-dessus d'un feu de racines d'épicéa pour sécher. Elles absorbent alors la fumée pour leur donner ce goût unique.
Ce thé a une saveur délicate et fine. Il a peu de corps, il n’est que parfums et contient peu de théine.
Le thé rouge ou Rooibos
Ce n’est pas vraiment un thé car il ne provient pas d’un théier mais d’une plante d’Afrique du Sud nommée Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis).
Il ne contient pas de théine.
Il s'obtient par infusion des feuilles.
C’est la boisson nationale d’Afrique du Sud. Riche en vitamine, pauvre en théine, le Rooibos donne une infusion assez douce que l’on peut apprécier toute la journée.
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